An improved Hyperstatic Reaction Method for tunnels under seismic loading

Hyperstatic Reaction Method (HRM) is a simple but effective method with attractive features in calculating internal forces and deformations of the tunnel lining. The superior ability HRM under static conditions inspires further development this for seismic design. This paper implements an improved estimating seismic-induced lining quasi-static condition. To end, modification parameter (a) approximating applied active load as well varying spring stiffness factor (?) characterizing soil-tunnel interaction incorporated into existing method. values two dimensionless parameters are calibrated through analytical solution wide range soil properties. efficiency verified against numerical analysis several benchmark cases. comparisons show that can be used preliminary design tunnels.